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Ebony White
Ebony White is a fictional character from the 1940 comics series ''The Spirit'', created by Will Eisner. He first appeared in the ''The Spirit'' comic strip of June 2, 1940. He is a black sidekick to Denny Colt, the title character. His age is ambiguous: although the majority of the time he's a resourceful young boy, at the beginning of the strip he is clearly an adult who drives a taxi. He frequently helps the Spirit out of tough situations.
==Racial connotations==
The character is cited as an example of racial stereotypes in mainstream 20th century United States culture. His name is a racial pun, and his facial features - including large white eyes and thick pinkish lips - are typical of the era's darky interpretation of blacks. As he is routinely the height of a small child, he resembles a stereotypical pickaninny. As a loyal assistant to the hero, he has been compared by a few critics to the Uncle Tom stereotype. However the storyline refers to the character as the Spirit's unofficial ward/work partner with the two sharing a homelife in their Wildwood Cemetery headquarters. A few years later shows the Spirit and the Dolan family sponsoring his partner's formal education; the closeness of their relationship is illustrated by the crimefighter occasionally reading letters from his protege to the Commissioner and other friends.
Eisner reported receiving letters of both praise and criticism for the character at the time. In a 1966 ''New York Herald Tribune'' feature by his former office manager-turned-journalist, Marilyn Mercer claimed, "Ebony never drew criticism from Negro groups (in fact, Eisner was commended by some for using him), perhaps because, although his speech pattern was early Minstrel Show, he himself derived from another literary tradition: he was a combination of Tom Sawyer and Penrod, with a touch of Horatio Alger hero, and color didn't really come into it".〔Mercer, Marilyn, "The Only Real Middle-Class Crimefighter", ''New York'' (Sunday supplement, ''New York Herald Tribune''), Jan. 9, 1966; reprinted ''Alter Ego'' #48 (see References)〕
Eisner later expressed mixed feelings about his portrayal of Ebony White. He acknowledged that he was conscious at the time that he was using a racial stereotype, but was unapologetic about it, defending it by stating that "at the time humor consisted in our society of bad English and physical difference in identity." In reference to his graphic novel ''Fagin the Jew'', Eisner acknowledged parallels between Charles Dickens' use of racial stereotyping for that character (which Eisner criticized) and Eisner's own portrayal of White, but asserted that his own work had not "capitalized on" the stereotype.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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